In this episode we're going to help you with adjective prefixes like UNbelievable and IMpossible, and Marcelo tells us his true story. Welcome to…..Aprender Inglés con Reza y Craig

Las notas del episodio y más podcasts para mejorar tu ingles están en: http://www.inglespodcast.com/ 

Shownotes and more podcasts to improve your English at: http://www.inglespodcast.com/ 

Voice message from Josep from Barcelona
Josep has passed CAE! - Congratulations!!!!

Are there rules for prefixes? - not really, but there are common patterns!
We spoke about word formation in general in episodes 59 and 61: http://www.inglespodcast.com/2015/07/12/vocabulary-word-formation-airc59/  
http://www.inglespodcast.com/2015/07/26/adjectives-of-character-airc61/ 

PREFIXES
Words that start with il- generally have the prefix il- (illegal, illogical), but there are exceptions.
Words that begin with ir- tend to have the prefix ir- (irrelevant, irrational, irregular, irresponsible)

SUFFIXES - at the end
People who do jobs: suffixes -er, -ist, -ant, -or, -ee (teacher, artist, shop assistant, professor)
Adjective suffixes: -ful, -less, -able, -ous, -ive. -itive, -y, -ible (helpful, useless, bossy)
Noun suffixes: -tion, -ment, -ness, -ity, -ance, -ence, -ship (education, clarity, friendship)

PREFIXES - at the start
1. Negative prefixes (mainly used for adjectives, but can be for verbs and nouns): un-, in-, -im, -dis, -ir, -il (untrue, disloyal, illogical)
2. Prefixes that give a specific meaning: anti- V pro-, down- V up-, hyper- V hypo-, pre- V post-, V micro- V macro-, sub- V supra-, inter-, V intra, multi-, V mono-, hetero- V homo-, under- V over-, trans-, ultra, semi-, non-, mini-, super- mega-...
(pro-government V anti-government, pre-war V post-war, mega-city, mini-skirt, international, ultra-modern, transatlantic, semi-skimmed..)

What’s the opposite?
Employed - unemployed
Relevant - irrelevant
Successful - unsuccessful
Possible - impossible
Trustworthy - untrustworthy
Noisy - quiet, noiseless
Comfortable - uncomfortable
Mature - immature
Respect - disrespect
Regular - irregular
Believable - unbelievable
Tolerant - intolerant
Satisfied - dissatisfied
Moral - immoral
Legal - illegal
Concerned - unconcerned
Lucky - unlucky
Reliable - unreliable
Modest - immodest
Obedient - disobedient
Honest - dishonest
Practical - impractical
Patient - impatient
Responsible - irresponsible
Perfect - imperfect
Experienced - inexperienced
Logical - illogical
Micro-economic - macroeconomic
Homosexual - heterosexual
Alcoholic (drink) - non-alcoholic
Pre-revolution(ary) - post-revolution(ary) Some words can be adjective or noun.
eg. a pre-revolution stamp. (Pre-revolution can be an adjective.)
Anti-war - pro-war. eg. The anti-war protestors had a demo. (anti-war is an adjective)
Overcooked - undercooked

Email from Marcelo from Buenos Aires
Hello Reza and Craig
Thank you very much for your podcasts. It is very nice to listen to them especially on Sunday evenings when everything seems to be dull.
I'm sending you a recording of something I experienced and wrote in English, as some kind of solace (consuelo).
I hope it to be useful for the podcast . I don't like my voice but that happens to a lot of people, as you said.
Regards
Marcelo from Buenos Aires

Vocabulary
Snack
Walmart
A (cold) shiver - escalofrío, temblor
Pickpocket
Accomplice - cómplice
Evidence - proof, evidencía
Plugged in - enchufado, conectado
To charge - cargar, recargar

Questions
1. Which two ways does Marcelo suggest for saving money before you go to the supermarket?
2. What did Marcelo think had been stolen from him?
3. What was the man doing while he was waiting in the queue?

Answers
1. Which two ways does Marcelo suggest for saving money before you go to the supermarket? - Make a list, eat before you go
2. What did Marcelo think had been stolen from him? - his mobile phone
3. What was the man doing while he was waiting in the queue? - opening a packet of crisps

Feedback
Great pronunciation, especially of words like snack, crisps, mobile, vegetable, hypothetical, charged
/h/ hypothetical, home - when I got ‘home’

...and now it's your turn to practise your English. We want to hear your true stories. Tell us anything, but it must be true!
Send us a voice message . https://www.speakpipe.com/inglespodcast  or attach an audio file to an email. Send them to craig@inglespodcast.com If yo want to send Reza an email, send it to belfastreza@gmail.com.

How to Tell a Story in English - Episode 137 ( https://www.inglespodcast.com/2017/01/08/how-to-tell-a-story-in-english-airc137/  )

If you would like more detailed show notes, go to https://www.patreon.com/inglespodcast 
Our lovely sponsors are:

Nikolay Dimitrov
Ana Cherta
Pedro Martinez
Maite Palacín Pérez
Lara Arlem
Maria Gervatti
Sara Jarabo
Carlos Garrido
Zara Heath Picazo
Mamen
Juan Leyva Galera
Corey Fineran
Mariel Riedemann
Jorge Jiménez
Raul Lopez
Rafael
Manuel Tarazona
Agus Paolucci 
Manuel Velázquez 
Néstor García Mañes

If you are a sponsor and have a job interview in English soon, there’s a free pdf and mp3 of our How To Pass a Job Interview e-book on the Patreon page Patreon.com/inglespodcast

We want to thank Arminda from Madrid and Alberto from Granada for continuing to transcribe full transcriptions. Alberto has transcribed episodes 132 and 133, so we now have full transcriptions for episodes 131 to 141.

On next week's episode: Famous Last Words

The music in this podcast is by Pitx. The track is called 'See You Later'

Las notas del episodio y más podcasts para mejorar tu ingles están en: http://www.inglespodcast.com/ 

Shownotes and more podcasts to improve your English at: http://www.inglespodcast.com/ 

Holidays and Travel - AIRC156

Summer’s here! Today you’ll learn how to talk about holidays and travel. There’s lots of holiday vocabulary and useful expressions in this episode of…...Aprender Inglés con Reza y Craig

Las notas del episodio y más podcasts para mejorar tu ingles están en: http://www.inglespodcast.com/ 

Shownotes and more podcasts to improve your English at: http://www.inglespodcast.com/ 

Voice Message from Christian Avila from Mexico City
XI like too muchX - I like it very much
Xwonderful work that you have been doneX - have been doing all this time

Winner of our history quiz from episode 153 is francisco espínola from Ubeda (who suggested the podcast topic - obviously a history buff!)

Hi guys! thank you very much for having my suggestion taken into account, I´m delighted!.
Answering the quiz:
1. Name the UK’s first ever female Prime Minister. – Margaret Thatcher
2. Which British monarch ruled the longest period of time? – Elizabeth II (current Queen)
3. Which British king was given the nickname of “the mad king”? King George III of Great-Britain (1738-1820)
4. Who were the “Roundheads” and “Cavaliers”? -During the civil war:Roundheads=parliamentarians ; Cavaliers=Royalists
5. When was the Battle of Hastings?- 14 October 1066
6. Which famous British sailor defeated the Spanish Armada? – Francis Drake

Well, I could answer 1, 2, 5 and 6 by heart….3 and 4 by wikipedia ;)
If there are more AIRCoholics interested in History, I recommend the Terry Deary´s collection “Horrible Histories” (box of books): Twenty books of British history from the stone age to the second world war, written in a funny and amusing way.
( https://www.amazon.es/Terry-Deary/e/B001ITTQZW/ref=sr_ntt_srch_lnk_3?qid=1494924246&sr=8-3  )

By the way, Reza: the word you were struggling to say was: MUJERIEGO (womanizer)
Thank you again, a big hug!

Hi to Raquel Gonzalez Herrero from Valencia who also got the questions right, except question 2. She said Queen Victoria, but the current monarch surpassed Queen Victoria in 2015.

We recommend Hardcore History - Dan Carlin: http://www.dancarlin.com/hardcore-history-series/ 

Voice message from Elsie from Bolivia - Hello!

iTunes reviews and 5 stars: Extremadamente didáctico, temáticamente variado y muy, muy entretenido. El mejor en su especie (the best of the bunch!).
by ArnauGrillo from Spain

Thank you! This is the best podcast I ever found. Good work! It's very helpful. I found you three weeks ago and now I'm addicted.
by Aldroper from Spain

Voice Message from Paco from Badajoz with an idea for a topic - Holidays and travel

Holidays and Travel

Air Travel Vocabulary episode 108 - (http://www.inglespodcast.com/2016/06/19/air-travel-vocabulary-airc108/ )

Revision
To go on a trip, to go/get away, to take a break for a few days
Airfare (bus fare, train fare, taxi fare etc)
To check in (aisle seat/window seat) – Fly – flight (domestic/international – short/long haul)
fly–flew–flown (to fly – verb / fly–noun = mosca/bragueta) “I have an open flight” – vuelo abierto)
Red-eye flight – early morning/night flight
Boarding pass - On board - a bordo, embarcar
Economy/Business/First class
Upgrade (subir de categoría)
Gate - puerta de embarque (actually means verja, reja, barrera - something you might find in a field or a garden)
Luggage/baggage allowance
Excess baggage
Hand luggage (carry-on)
To take off – to land / a take-off – a landing
Cabin crew – steward(ess) / air hostess / flight attendant
Runway - pista (de aterrizaje)
To taxi “The plane is taxiing before take-off”
To cruise “We are now cruising at 20,000 feet”
Jet lag - fatigue caused by plane travel
Baggage reclaim
Baggage carousel
Lost luggage

More vocabulary
Vacation (US) = holiday (UK) (on vacation/holiday)
peak/off peak - crowded
Sightseeing - to see the sights
scenery/landscape
Tour - package tour, tour guide
excursion - to go on an excursion

Places to stay
Hotel - to make a reservation/booking - full board/half board
Boutique hotel/Luxury hotel/ 5-star hotel/ 3-star hotel/budget hotel = low-cost hotel
B&B = Bed & Breakfast

https://www.airbnb.es/ 

Couchsurfing - https://www.couchsurfing.com/ 

Self-catering = you cook your own food
Guesthouse
Youth hostel
Caravan - motorhome - RV in American English (recreational vehicle)
to go caravaning
to tow a caravan
Tent - campsite - camping
Camping - to go camping in a campsite

Types of holiday
Beach
Snow
Trekking - adventure holidays
City break
Cruise
Long weekends
Sightseeing
A “dirty weekend”
Backpacking (backpack/rucksack)
Hitchhiking - to hitchhike = to thumb a lift

...and now it's your turn to practise your English. Are you going on holiday this year? We'd love to hear about your plans.
What was your best (or worst) holiday?

Send us a voice message and tell us about your experience. https://www.speakpipe.com/inglespodcast

Send us an email with a comment or question to craig@inglespodcast.com or belfastreza@gmail.com.

We want to thank Arminda from Madrid for continuing to transcribe full transcriptions.
There are now full transcriptions for episodes 131, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139 and 140.

Thank you also to Alberto Gómez from Granada who has kindly transcribed episode 132 on Linking sounds

If you would like all of our episodes transcribed, go to https://www.patreon.com/inglespodcast 
If you are a sponsor and have a job interview in English soon, there’s a free pdf and mp3 of our How To Pass a Job Interview e-book on the Patreon page

Our lovely sponsors are:

Nikolay Dimitrov
Ana Cherta
Pedro Martinez
Maite Palacín Pérez
Lara Arlem
Maria Gervatti
Sara Jarabo
Carlos Garrido
Zara Heath Picazo
Mamen
Juan Leyva Galera
Corey Fineran
Mariel Riedemann
Jorge Jiménez
Raul Lopez
Rafael
Manuel Tarazona
Agus Paolucci (new sponsor)
Manuel Velázquez (new sponsor)
Néstor García Mañes (new sponsor) - How to Pass a Job Interview mp3 and pdf- https://www.patreon.com/inglespodcast  if you want to join our sponsors

On next week's episode: Marcelo’s True English Story and Adjective Prefixes

The music in this podcast is by Pitx. The track is called 'See You Later'

What’s the difference between straw and hay? Cattle and poultry? To sow and to plough? You’ll learn some farming and agriculture vocabulary in this episode of Aprender Inglés con Reza y Craig.

Las notas del episodio y más podcasts para mejorar tu ingles están en: http://www.inglespodcast.com/ 

Shownotes and more podcasts to improve your English at: http://www.inglespodcast.com/ 

Voice message from Tania from Ukraine living in Spain ("Thank you a million")

What is the fastest and easiest way to learn vocabulary?
Read!
Apps or notebook Memrise (flashcards) - Website: http://www.memrise.com/ 
Write words on Post-it notes and stick them around your flat or office
Duolingo - Website: http://www.duolingo.com/Duolingo 
(iOS /Android)
Use mnemonics (memory tricks) - ‘rathaus’
Research show that it's better to write down vocabulary and other information by hand rather than digitally.

Voice message from Juan from Argentina who’s in Australia

Farming and Agriculture

Barn - a farm building (granero) - Were you born in a barn? - Close the door! Have you ever been to a barn dance?
Cattle - animals like cows and oxen (buey) used for meat or milk
Poultry - chickens and turkeys, etc.
Livestock (ganado)
Dairy = made from milk - vaquería (farm), lechería (store, shop), dairy product (producto lacteo)
Crops - (cosecha, cultivo) We had a bad corn crop this year. Maize is an important crop. (sweetcorn, corn on the cob)
Crop rotation - The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.
Harvest - (cosecha, cosechar)
‘A bumper harvest’ = a very good harvest
Vintage - Cosecha de vino
To pick - (escoger, coger) pick flowers, fruit, grapes. You can pick grapes from a vine whick grows in a vinyard.
Drought - sequía - Did you know that Spain imported water by ship in 2008?
Drought in Spain’s northeastern region of Catalonia grew so severe in 2008 that Barcelona began importing water by ship from France.
Soil (tierra) erosion
Fertile land (producing crops)
Fertilize (fertilizar) - fertilizer (fertilizante)
Irrigation (irrigacíon, reigo)
Orchard (fruit trees) an apple orchard, a cherry orchard
ripe - maduro
Pesticide (chemicals that you spray on crops)
Hay - heno (dried grass)
Hay bale/bale of hay - paca de heno
Straw - paja
To plough - arar
To plant (plantar, sembrar) - to sow seeds
To sow - sembrar. “To sow the seeds of...doubt (duda)/unrest (inquietud)”
To reap - segar/cosechar. “To reap the rewards”= to benefit from good work/planning
"You reap what you sow"

Idioms

to farm something out - to send work to someone to be done away from one's normal place of business; to subcontract work. “We farmed the podcasting editing out.”

a funny farm – a hospital for people who are mentally ill
Example: My grandmother had to send my uncle to the funny farm when she couldn’t take care of him at home anymore.
Note (¡OJO!): This is a humorous or funny expression, but could be considered rude by some people.

I’m so hungry I could eat a horse – to be very hungry

until the cows come home – for a very long time
I could record podcasts until the cows come home!

the last (final) straw – the last of a series of events/annoyances/disappointments that lead a person to losing his or her patience/temper/hope
“He’s been late a few times, but this is the last straw!” “Yesterday my neighbours were partying until 3pm. This was the last straw. I called the police.
From the proverb: “It is the last straw that breaks the camel's back”

spring chicken – a young person
I’m no spring chicken!

to make hay while the sun shines – (hay = heno) to take the opportunity to do something when the time and conditions are right - Work was going really well, so I decided to make hay while the sun shines and keep working for another 3 hours.

don’t put all your eggs in one basket – don’t make everything dependent on one thing (same in Spanish)

to reap what you sow – every action has a consequence; what you do comes back to you one way or another. If you treat your friends badly, you won’t have any friends. ‘What goes around comes around)
This expression is usually used in a negative sense. (reap = cosechar “to reap the benefits of a situation = see the fruit)

to take the bull by the horns – to be brave and confront difficult situations
If you’re unhappy in your job, perhaps you take the bull by the horns and leave your company.

Discussion

Have you ever worked on a farm or picked fruit?
Have you ever driven a tractor?
Would you like to see more organic farming? Why (not)?
Are you worried about too much intensive farming?

...and now it's your turn to practise your English. Are there any farms in your area? Have you ever worked on a farm like Juan?
Do you share Reza’s profound dislike and mistrust of GM (Genetically Modified) food?

Send us a voice message and tell us about your experience. https://www.speakpipe.com/inglespodcast 

Send us an email with a comment or question to craig@inglespodcast.com or belfastreza@gmail.com.

If you would like more detailed show notes, go to https://www.patreon.com/inglespodcast 

Our lovely sponsors are:

Nikolay Dimitrov
Ana Cherta
Pedro Martinez
Maite Palacín Pérez
Lara Arlem
Maria Gervatti
Sara Jarabo
Carlos Garrido
Zara Heath Picazo
Mamen
Juan Leyva Galera
Corey Fineran
Mariel Riedemann
Jorge Jiménez
Raul Lopez
Rafael
Manuel Tarazona
Agus Paolucci (new sponsor)
Manuel Velázquez (new sponsor)
Néstor García Mañes (new sponsor)

We want to thank Arminda from Madrid for continuing to transcribe full transcriptions.
There are now full transcriptions for episodes 131, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139 and 140.

Thank you also to Alberto Gómez from Granada who has kindly transcribed episode 132 on Linking sounds

If you would like all of our episodes transcribed, go to https://www.patreon.com/inglespodcast

If you are a sponsor and have a job interview in English soon, there’s a free pdf and mp3 of our How To Pass a Job Interview e-book on the Patreon page
https://www.patreon.com/inglespodcast 

Las notas del episodio y más podcasts para mejorar tu ingles están en: http://www.inglespodcast.com/ 

Shownotes and more podcasts to improve your English at: http://www.inglespodcast.com/ 

What’s the difference between who, who’s whose and whom? That’s what you’ll learn in this episode of…….Aprender Ingles con Reza y Craig

Las notas del episodio y más podcasts para mejorar tu ingles están en: http://www.inglespodcast.com/ 

Shownotes and more podcasts to improve your English at: http://www.inglespodcast.com/ 

Reza is on top of the world and as fit as a fiddle.

Audio Feedback Janete Hernandez from Mexico
I love your accent too, Janete!

Audio feedback from Ana from Mexico (so many audio messages from Mexico - Thank you! Please keep sending your voice messages. You will hear them eventually!)

Who Whose Who’s and Whom

To understand how to use 'who', 'whom' and 'whose' you first have to understand the difference between subjects, objects and possessives.

The subject does the action:
She works in a cafe.
He likes cooking.
They bought a new car.

The object receives the action:
Everyone likes him.
I don’t know her.
They didn’t speak to us.

Possessives tell us the person something belongs to:
His new mobile phone is really expensive.
I like his sunglasses, not hers.
We’re selling our flat.

'Who' can be a subject pronoun like 'he', 'she' and 'they' or object pronoun like 'him', 'her' and 'us'.
We can use 'who' to ask which person did an action or which person is in a certain state (subject):
Who wrote the email?
Who is that girl over there?
Who is getting the drinks?

We can also use ‘who’ to ask which person received an action (object):
Who are you going to invite to the wedding?
Who did you meet last night?
Who has she chosen to go with?

'Whom' is an object pronoun like 'him', 'her' and 'us' used with formal English. We use ‘whom’ to ask which person received an action. It isn’t common to use whom. Most native speakers use ‘who’ instead.
Who(m) are you going to invite to the wedding?
Who(m) did you meet last night?
Who(m) are they going to choose to manage Arsenal?

‘Whom’ MUST go after a preposition, NOT ‘who’, with formal English:
The lady with whom Reza was dancing was the Marquise (=Marquesa)
‘For whom the bells toll’ is Hemingway’s famous novel set in the Spanish Civil War.
‘To whom it may concern’ is typical at the top of a reference.

When the pronoun and preposition are separated and/or the pronoun comes first, ‘who’ MUST be used, NOT ‘whom’:
The woman who Reza was dancing with must have been a bit tipsy! (tipsy=un poquito bebida)
Who did they sell their old car to yesterday?
Young boy: “Can I go to the cinema tonight, mum?”
Mother: “Who with?”

'Whose' can be a possessive adjective, like 'her' and 'our', or possessive pronoun, like ‘hers’’ or ‘ours’ . We use 'whose' to find out which person something belongs to.
Whose glass is this?
Whose is this jacket?
I see a book on my chair. Whose is it?
Whose are these?

Don’t confuse whose and who’s = who is. They’re pronounced the same:
Who’s(= Who is) that ringing the doorbell?
That’s the person who’s(= who is) coming with me to Brian’s party.

My Dear friends:
This is Edgar Ubaldo from Mexico again. - Question about the Mexican Wall ( http://www.inglespodcast.com/2017/04/03/the-mexican-wall-and-eugenis-pronunciation-airc149/ )

According to Longman - "TOEFL Preparation Course", it is possible to use inversion (V + S) with negative expressions such as: never, hardly ever, etc.

Because of that, and following my previous message, I wrote never shall we pa y for that wall. Nevertheless, I won't use this expression in an English Test or a normal conversation. Is this okay? or should I not use inversion in cases like this?

Additionally, in a book I'm reading "A Tale of Two Cities", there are some questions that don't follow the right word order:

"There are two other points on which I am anxious to be instructed. I may go on?"
"You are sure that he is not under too great a strain?"
"It would show itself in some renewal of this disorder?"

I believe that it was written like that on purpose, but I don't know if there are any difference in meaning or intention.

And finally friends, especially Reza, I would like to know the grammar behind this expression (taken from the same book):

"He approached his second and last point. He felt it to be the most difficult of all; but, remembering his old Sunday morning conversation with Miss Pross, and remembering what he had seen in the last nine days, he knew that he must face it"

Why is it Past Simple + Modal in present to talk about something that happened in the past?.
I constantly try to express the same and said: I knew I should have faced it or something like that.

(Reza’s explanation:”he knew that he had to face it" is the typical, everyday way to say it in modern English, because ‘had to’ is the past of ‘must’.
However, it’s quite common to use ‘must’ instead of ‘had to’, even though it’s the past (“he knew that he must face it”), to make the story sound more lively and real,
as if it were happening now, in the present, especially in storytelling/literature.)

Audio feedback from Evelin Fernandez - advice for TOEFL test - speaking

20 minutes - 6 questions
The first two are about familiar topics, and the other four are about short readings, lectures, and conversations.
You will have a short amount of time after you read each question to prepare your response. Then you will be given a short amount of time to speak into a microphone.
You will be evaluated on "delivery, language use and topic development".

We spoke about the TOEFL and IELTS test in episode 68 ( https://www.inglespodcast.com/2015/09/13/the-toefl-and-ielts-test-airc68/ )

TOP TIPS FOR TOEFL

- time yourself
- take notes (bullet points)
- breath deeply
- practise speaking in noisy places and recording yourself
- image you are speaking to a good friend as you speak into the microphone

...and now it's your turn to practise your English. Do you have a question for us or an idea for a future episode?
Send us a voice message and tell us what you think. https://www.speakpipe.com/inglespodcast 

Send us an email with a comment or question to craig@inglespodcast.com or belfastreza@gmail.com.

If you would like more detailed shownotes, go to https://www.patreon.com/inglespodcast 
Our lovely sponsors are:

Carlos Garrido
Zara Heath Picazo
Mamen
Juan Leyva Galera
Sara Jarabo
Corey Fineran from Ivy Envy Podcast
Jorge Jiménez
Raul Lopez
Rafael
Manuel Tarazona
Mariel Riedemann
Maite Palacín Pérez
Pedro Martinez
Ana Cherta
Maria Gervatti
Nikolay Dimitrov
Agus Paolucci
Manuel Velázquez

We want to thank Arminda from Madrid for continuing to transcribe full transcriptions.
There are now full transcriptions for episodes 131, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139 and 140.

On next week's episode: Farming and agriculture

Las notas del episodio y más podcasts para mejorar tu ingles están en: http://www.inglespodcast.com/ 

Shownotes and more podcasts to improve your English at: http://www.inglespodcast.com/ 

The music in this podcast is by Pitx. The track is called 'See You Later'